Erythropoietin (EPO)

Examining the Uses, Dangers, and Decline of Erythropoietin (EPO) Abuse in Sports

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production. The synthetic version called Epoetin alfa can be used therapeutically to treat anemia.

Athletes have misused EPO since the 1980s to illicitly increase endurance. By boosting red blood cell count, more oxygen can be delivered to muscles. This enhances stamina, recovery, and performance.

Medically it is dosed at 50-100 units per kg body weight injected 3 times weekly. Athletes may use smaller doses of 5-10 units/kg 3 times weekly for a short 2 week cycle. Effects can last up to 3 months.

While EPO abuse can dramatically improve athletic performance, serious cardiovascular risks exist such as heart attack, stroke, and even death. Dangerously high hemoglobin levels are possible. Strict medical oversight is critical for safe use.

Obtaining pharma-grade EPO is difficult. The black market has many counterfeits. The high price and health hazards make it an unrealistic option for most athletes today. Safer legal alternatives have superseded it.

In summary, EPO can powerfully enhance endurance but carries substantial health risks. Strict medical monitoring is essential. As testing improved, its utility declined. Most athletes now opt for safer alternatives to avoid potential danger.